A Predictors of the Achievement of Primary School Students in Sciences and Mathematics in North Western Ethiopia

Abstract

This study explores the key factors that shape students’ performance in science and mathematics among primary school students in Northwestern Ethiopia. Using a cross-sectional design, data were gathered from 2,928 students enrolled in 24 primary schools between January and April 2016. The schools and participants were selected through a two-stage stratified random sampling method. Information was collected using structured questionnaires and interviews with students, teachers, and school administrators. The results indicate that poor teacher performance, especially in science and mathematics, and a shortage of qualified teachers are major barriers to student achievement. Low teacher motivation and limited access to learning resources, such as textbooks and library facilities, further compound the problem. Gender differences were also considered that male students generally scored higher in science and mathematics, whereas female students showed strong interest and attitudes toward language subjects. Factor analysis revealed weak connections between teacher–student interactions and overall school engagement, suggesting gaps in the learning environment. Multivariate analysis identified school type, gender, availability of textbooks, and access to teaching materials as significant predictors of academic success. Multilevel modeling showed considerable variation in student achievement between schools, with an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.664, highlighting the strong role of school-level conditions in shaping learning outcomes. Overall, the findings call for comprehensive measures to strengthen school infrastructure, improve teacher training and motivation, and provide better academic support for students both at school and at home. Strengthening these areas is essential to raise achievement levels in science and mathematics and to ensure more equitable educational outcomes across schools in the region.