Advances in Floral Senescence: Molecular Mechanisms and Ethylene Regulation

Recent advancements in understanding floral Senescence

Abstract

Abstract

Floral senescence, the process by which flowers age and eventually die, is a critical factor affecting flower longevity and quality, especially in the high-value floriculture industry. This review synthesizes recent advancements in understanding the complex molecular and hormonal mechanisms that govern floral senescence, with a particular focus on the role of ethylene. Ethylene is a key regulator of floral aging, orchestrating the process through intricate genetic and signaling networks. It influences key transcription factors, such as Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs), and senescence-associated genes (SAGs), which collectively drive the aging process. The review begins by outlining the growth of the floriculture industry and the significance of floral senescence, detailing the physiological and molecular changes that occur during this phase. It explores the roles of various plant hormones—including ethylene, cytokinins, polyamines, and abscisic acid—in modulating senescence and their implications for flower quality. Key advancements in ethylene research are highlighted, including its biosynthesis, signaling pathways, and interactions with other hormonal and genetic regulators. The review also discusses the impact of ethylene on gene expression patterns and the technological interventions developed to manage its effects, such as ethylene inhibitors and genetic engineering approaches. By integrating insights into ethylene's role and its interaction with other hormonal pathways, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of floral senescence and its implications for flower preservation. The advancements outlined provide new opportunities for extending flower longevity and optimizing agricultural practices, with potential benefits for both ornamental and crop species. Future research directions are proposed to address existing knowledge gaps and enhance plant health and productivity.